Public International Law
The legal regime governing sovereign states, intergovernmental bodies, international treaties, and collective territorial governance.
Inside this collection
State Sovereignty & Recognition
Montevideo criteria for statehood, constitutive vs declaratory recognition, and succession of states to obligations.
Sources of Law, Treaties & Custom
Article 38 ICJ Statute hierarchy, treaty interpretation under the Vienna Convention, state practice, and opinio juris.
State Immunity & Commercial Acts
Absolute vs restrictive immunity, commercial activity exceptions (acta jure gestionis), and diplomatic inviolability.
Law of the Sea & Maritime Zones
UNCLOS framework, baseline demarcation, territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, continental shelf claims, and navigation.
State Responsibility & Reparations
ILC Articles on State Responsibility, internationally wrongful acts, effective control vs overall control, and reparations.
Use of Force & Self-Defence
Article 2(4) UN Charter prohibition, Chapter VII Security Council authorizations, self-defence under Article 51, and necessity.
International Courts & Adjudication
Compulsory and consensual ICJ jurisdiction, contentious cases, advisory opinions, and permanent court arbitration.
Environmental Treaties & Standards
No-harm principle, precautionary principle, common but differentiated responsibilities, and transboundary EIA duties.
Court decisions deserve
a closer reading.
We separate the factual record, the holding and editorial analysis. Jurisdiction and context matter.
Our approach