Substantive Criminal Law
Foundational elements of criminal liability, categories of offences, statutory definitions of conduct, and legally recognized affirmative defences.
Inside this collection
Actus Reus & Causation
Voluntary acts, criminal omissions, factual causation, legal proximity, and intervening acts severing chains of causation.
Mens Rea & Strict Liability
Subjective intent, recklessness, negligence, constructive fault, and statutory exceptions imposing strict or absolute liability.
Inchoate Offences & Complicity
Attempts, conspiracies, solicitation, secondary participation, aiding, abetting, and common purpose liability.
Justifications & Self-Defence
Protective force, defence of property, prevention of crime, and requirements of necessity and proportionality.
Excuses, Capacity & Insanity
M'Naghten rules, cognitive incapacity, automatism, duress, necessity, and infancy as bars to criminal culpability.
Homicide & Fatal Offences
Murder, voluntary and involuntary manslaughter, felony-murder doctrines, corporate manslaughter, and statutory gradations.
Theft, Fraud & Property Crimes
Theft, larceny, conversion, deceptive practices, false pretences, and statutory definitions of criminal dishonesty.
Corporate & Financial Crime
Corporate attribution doctrines, bribery, market abuse, statutory corruption, money laundering, and economic sanctions breaches.
Court decisions deserve
a closer reading.
We separate the factual record, the holding and editorial analysis. Jurisdiction and context matter.
Our approach